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 Inflammation is a stereotypic, non specific response to infection. Its functions are to: ·          Deliver components of the immune system to the site of infection ·          Eliminate pathogen (if present) ·          Repair the damage ·          Return to homeostasis Ideally the inflammatory response should be rapid (acute), destructive, but also localised and self limiting. This essay will describe the events that occur during the acute inflammatory response and discuss its importance with respect to controlling infections. Inititaition/trigger The initiation and/or trigger for the acute response is the afferent arm of the immune system. Its function is to detect dangerous stimuli (which include PAMPs but also ‘self PAMPs’) and subsequently trigger the acute inflammatory response. This serves to eith...

To answer this question first must understand what they are. These are both trypanomastid , protozoan parasites with kinetoplasts. This is an extracellular DNA that consists of maxi and mini circles of DNA which contain enzymes for mitochondria. They both have indirect life cycles where they require 2 hosts. Draw below: Trypanasome: Metacyclic -> long slender -> short stumpy -> procyclic -> epimastigote -> metacyclic Leishmania: Promastigote (infectious) -> Amastigote (back to sand fly) Here it is clear to see that vectors play a part in their transmission. Nature of sandfly vs Tsetse Tsetse is definitive host, takes up parasite on tenerial feed. Within the fly it matures and becomes infective. The actual tsetse fly is not that common as it lays pupae, not eggs. Also it prefers feeding on livestock or game rather than humans. Sandfly is much more common as each fly lays around 100 eggs. They lay them into organic matter such as soil. What is the r...

In order for a pathogenic bacterium to exploit a new host it needs to adapt to the new environment. It needs to acquire the ability to: ·          Invade the host ·          Attatch to and colonise the host tissue ·          Survive within the host avoiding both the hosts innate and adaptive immune system ·          Acquire nutritients within the host ·          Disseminate from the host and allow transmission. Often it is these attributes of the bacteria that cause its virulence (although evolution would favour the bacteria that can complete the above tasks without causing virulence as this would allow for greater transmission) The central dogma of biology states that the characteristics of an organism are determined by the DNA in the following way: DNA->RNA-> Protei...